ART OF HEATING, VENTILATING, COOKING, REFRIGERATING AND LIGHTING. Prometheus and the Modern Match.--1680, Godfrey Hanckwitz Invented First Phosphorous Match.--Other Forms of Matches.-- Promethean Matches in 1820.--John Walker.--Lucifer.--Tons of Chemicals, Hundreds of Pine Trees Yearly Made into Matches.-- Splints and Machines.--Reuben Partridge.--Poririer.--Pasteboard Box.--Machines for Assorting and Dipping, Drying and Boxing.-- Cooking and Heating Stoves.--History of, from Rome to Ben Franklin.--The Old-Fashioned Fireplace.--Varieties of Coal Stoves.--Stove Fireplace.--Ventilation.--Hot Air Furnaces.-- How Heat is Distributed, Retained, and Moistened.--Hot Water Circulation.--Incubators.--Baking Ovens, the Dutch and the Modern.--Vast Number of Stove and Furnace Foundries in United States.--Ventilation.--Parliament Buildings and U. S. Capitol.-- Eminent Scientific Men who have Made Ventilation a Study.--Best Modes.--Its Great Importance.--Car Heaters.--Grass and Refuse Burning Stoves.--Oil, Vapour, and Gas Stoves, their Construction and Operation.--Sterilising.--Electric Heating and Cooking.-- Refrigeration.--Messrs. Carré of France, 1870.--Artificial Ice.--Sulphuric Acid and Ammonia Processes.--Absorption and Compression Methods Described.--Refrigerating Cars.--Liquid Air. 199 CHAPTER XIV. METALLURGY. The Antiquity of the Art.--The “Lost Arts” Rediscovered.-- The Earliest Forms of Smelting Furnaces.--Ancient Iron and Steel.--India and Africa.--Early Spain and the Catalan Furnace.--The Armour of Don Quixote.--Bell’s History of the Art.--Germany.--Cast Iron Made by Ancients, Disused for 15 Centuries.--Reinvented by Page and Baude in England, 1543.-- German Furnaces.--Dud Dudley, the Oxford Graduate and his Furnace, 1619.--Origin of Coke in England.--Use in United States.--Revival of Cast Iron.--Cast Steel in England, Huntsman, 1740.--Henry Cort and Puddling, 1784, and its Subsequent Wonderful Value.--Steam Engine of Watt and Iron.--Refining of Precious Metals.--Amalgamating Process.--Review of the 18th Century.--Herschel’s Distinction of Empirical and Scientific Art.--The Nineteenth Century, Scientific Metallurgy.--Steam, Chemistry, Electricity.--Rogers’ Iron Floor.--Neilson’s Hot Air Blast, 1828, Patent Sustained.--Anthracite Coal.--Colossal Furnaces.--Gas Producers.--Bunsen’s Experiments.--Constituents of Ores.--Squeezing Process.--Burden’s Method.--Mechanical Puddlers.--Rotary.--Henry Bessemer’s Great Process--1855-1860.-- Steel from Iron.--Holley’s Apparatus.--Effects of and Changes in Bessemer Process.--Old Methods and Means Revived and Improved.-- Eminent Inventors.--New Metals and New Processes Discovered.-- Harveyised Steel.--Irresistible Projectiles and Impenetrable Armour Plate.--Krupp’s Works.--Immense Manufactures in United States.--Treatment of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, etc.; Mining Operations, Separation, Reduction.--Chemical Methods: Lixiviation or Leaching.--MacArthur.--Forrest.--Sir Humphry Davy.--Scheele.--Chlorine and Cyanide Processes.--Alloys.-- Babbitting.--Metallic Lubricants.--Various Alloys and Uses.-- Reduction of Aluminium and other Metals.--Electro-Metallurgy.-- Diamonds to be Made.--All Arts have Waited on Development of this Art. 218 CHAPTER XV. METAL WORKING PROCESSES AND MACHINES.--TUBE MAKING.--WELDING.--ANNEALING AND TEMPERING.--COATING AND METAL FOUNDING.--METAL WARE.--WIRE WORKING. Metal Working Tools One of the Glories of 19th Century.--Wood Working and Metal Working.--Ancient and Modern Lathe.--Turning Metal Lathe.--A Lost Art in Use in Egypt and in Solomon’s Time.--Revived in Sixteenth Century.--Forgotten and Revived again in Eighteenth.--Sir Samuel Bentham and Joseph Bramah Laid Foundation of Nineteenth Century Tools.--The Slide Rest and Henry Maudsley.--Nasmyth’s Description.--Vast Rolls, and Most Delicate Watch Mechanisms, cut by the Lathe and its Tools.--Metal Planing.--Eminent Inventors, 1811-1840.-- Many Inventions and Modifications Resulting in a Wonderful Evolution.--Metal-Boring Machines.--Modern Vulcan’s Titanic Work-Shop.--Screw Making.--Demand Impossible to Supply under Old Method.--Great Display at London Exhibition, 1851, and Centennial, Philadelphia, 1876.--J. Whitworth & Co., of England, Sellers & Co., of America, and Others.--The Great Revelation.-- Hoopes and Townsend and the Flow of Cold, Solid Metal.--Cold Punching, etc.--Machine-Made Horse-Shoes.--The Blacksmith and Modern Inventions.--Making of Great Tubes.--Welding by Electricity, and Tempering and Annealing.--How Armour Plate is Hardened.--Metals Coated.--Electro-Plating and Casting.-- Great Domes Gilded.--Moulds for Metal Founding.--Machines and Methods.--Steel Ingots.--Sheet Metal and Personal Ware.-- Great Variety of Machines for Making.--Wire Made Articles.-- Description of Great Modern Work-Shop. 240 CHAPTER XVI. ORDNANCE, ARMS, AMMUNITION, AND EXPLOSIVES. This Art Slow in Growth, but no Art Progressed Faster.--The Incentives to its Development.--The Greatest Instruments in the New Civilisation.--Peace and its Fruits Established by them.--Its History.--Chinese Cannon.--India.--The Moors.-- Arabs.--Cannon at Cordova in 1280.--The Spaniards and Gibraltar, 1309.--The Spread of Artillery through Europe.--Description of Ancient Guns.--Breech Loaders and Stone Cannon Balls.--Wrought Iron Cannon and Shells in 15th...